The Journal of Irish Archaeology Volume XXXI First published in 2022 The Journal of Irish Archaeology is published by Wordwell Ltd, Unit 9, 78 Furze Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeologists of Ireland. www.wordwellbooks.com Copyright © The authors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or otherwise without either the prior written consent of the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in Ireland issued by the Irish Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 63 Patrick Street, Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin. Submissions: all correspondence should be addressed to the Editor. Subscriptions: €20 (individual)

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ISBN 978-1-913934-83-5 ISSN 0268-537X Typeset in Ireland by Wordwell Ltd Copy-editor: Aoife Condit de Espino Cover design: Nick Maxwell Printed by: W.&G. Baird Cover image:The west entrance to the underground passage, part of Judith Carroll’s excavations of the seventeenth-century defences of Bandon.

JOURNAL OF IRISH ARCHAEOLOGY EDITORIAL BOARD 2022

Dr Katharina Becker, Department of Archaeology,

University College Cork Dr Fiona Beglane, CERIS, Department of

Environmental Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo Dr Dirk Brandherm, Department of Archaeology and

Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast Dr Kerri Cleary, Editorial and Research Manager,

Archaeological Consultancy Services Unit Jean Farrelly, Archaeological Survey of Ireland,

National Monuments Service Dr Carleton Jones, School of Geography and

Archaeology, NUI Galway Dr Helen Lewis, School of Archaeology, University

College Dublin (Editor)

Conor McDermott, School of Archaeology, University

College Dublin Dr Cormac McSparron, Department of Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast Conleth Manning, Independent Researcher Nick Maxwell,Wordwell Ltd (Publisher) Dr Michael Potterton, Department of History, NUI

Maynooth Matthew Seaver, National Museum of Ireland Dr Alan Hawkes, Consultant Archaeologist (JIA

Convenor) Dr Elizabeth Twohig, formerly Department of

Archaeology, University College Cork