44  Race & Class 51(3)

discourses and practices cannot be adequately understood as being exclusively based on the idea of race, but is also related to, and historically intertwined with, other categories of social inclusion and exclusion.

References 1 See for example I. Blom, K. Hagemann and C. Hall (eds), Gendered Nations: national-

isms and gender order in the long nineteenth century (Oxford, New York, Berg Publishers Ltd, 2000); J. Daniels, White Lies: race, class, gender and sexuality in white supremacist discourse (London, New York, Routledge, 1997); A. L. Ferber, White Man Falling: race, gender and white supremacy (Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998); S. L. Gilman, Difference and Pathology: stereotypes of sexuality, race and madness (New York, Cornell University Press, 1985); S. L. Gilman, ‘Black Sexuality and Modern Consciousness’, R. Grimm and J. Hermand (eds.), Blacks and German Culture: essays (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), pp. 35-54; S. L. Gilman, ‘Black bodies, white bodies: towards an iconography of female sexuality in late nineteenth-century art, medicine and literature’, J. Donald and A. Rattansi, ‘Race’, Culture and Difference (London, Sage, 1992), pp. 171-97; S. Hall, ‘Rassismus als ideologischer Diskurs’, N. Räthzel (ed.), Theorien über Rassismus (Hamburg, Argument Verlag, 2000), pp. 7-16; W. D. Hund, ‘Rassismus im Kontext. Geschlecht, Klasse, Nation, Kultur und Rasse’, S. Meinl and I. Wojak (eds), Grenzenlose Vorurteile. Antisemitismus, Nationalismus und ethnische Konflikte in verschiedenen Kulturen. Jahrbuch 2002 zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust (Frankfurt am Main, New York, Campus, 2002), pp. 17-40; W. D. Hund, Rassismus. Die soziale Konstruktion natürlicher Ungleichheit (Münster, Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2006); W. D. Hund, Negative Vergesellschaftung. Dimensionen der Rassismusanalyse (Bielefeld, Transcript, 2007); T. Mayer (ed.), Gender Ironies of Nationalism: sexing the nation (London, New York, Routledge, 1999); A. Meulenbelt, Scheidelinien. Über Sexismus, Rassismus und Klassismus (Reinbek, Rowohlt, 1988); N. Zack (ed.), Race/Sex: their sameness, difference, and interplay (London, Routledge, 1997). 2 Most scholars working in this field, and who have provided an analysis of two or more cat-

egories, agree that these categories of social inclusion and exclusion cannot be adequately examined in isolation from one another and must be studied in combination. A more detailed discussion of this debate can be found in I. Wigger, Die ‘Schwarze Schmach am Rhein’ Rassistische Diskriminierung zwischen Geschlecht, Klasse, Nation und Rasse (The ‘Black Shame’ on the Rhine: racist discrimination between gender, class, nation and race) (Münster, Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2007), pp. 28-30. Some studies combine two categories in their analysis (for example, U. Planert (ed.), Nation, Politik und Geschlecht: Frauenbewegung und Nationalismus in der Moderne (Frankfurt am Main, New York, Campus, 2000); C. J. Christie, Race and Nation: a reader (London, New York, I.B.Tauris, 1998); N. Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (London, Sage, 1997)). Other researchers investigate connections between three or more categories, like race, class and gender (see for example M. Andersen and P. Hill, Race, Class and Gender: an anthology (Belmont, Wadsworth, 1992); F. Anthias, ‘Parameter kollektiver Identität: Ethnizität, Nationalismus und Rassismus’, Institut für Migrations- und Rassismusforschung (ed.), Rassismus und Migration in Europa. Beiträge des Kongresses ‘Migration und Rassismus in Europa’. Hamburg, 26. bis 30. September 1990 (Hamburg, Argument Verlag, 1992), pp. 88-103; E. Boris (ed.), Complicating Categories: gender, class, race and ethnicity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999); V. Dhruvarajan and J. Vickers, Gender, Race, and Nation: a global perspective (Downsview, Ontario, University of Toronto Press, 2002)). 3 This article is based on my recently-published German-language book: I. Wigger, op. cit. This analysis used historical data from over twenty German and British archives. 4 All German citations were translated by the author. 5 P. Nilsson, ‘The coloured Watch on the Rhine’, Göteborg Dagblad (No. 281, 3.12.1921) (transla-

tion of newspaper article). Source: Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (Archive of the German Foreign Office, Bonn). File: R74421.