46 Race & Class 51(3)
21 Joanna de Groot discussed the historical development of this gender stereotype in the nine-
teenth century. See J. De Groot, ‘“Sex and race”: the construction of language and image in the nineteenth century’, Catherine Hall (ed.), Cultures of Empire: colonizers in Britain and the Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – a reader (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2000), pp. 37-60. 22 I. Wigger, Die ‘Schwarze Schmach am Rhein’, op. cit., p. 198. 23 I. Wigger, Die ‘Schwarze Schmach am Rhein’, op. cit., pp. 128, 199. 24 I. Wigger, Die ‘Schwarze Schmach am Rhein’, op. cit., p. 128. 25 I. Wigger, Die ‘Schwarze Schmach am Rhein’, op. cit., chapter 3.12. Based on original archival material: Newspaper article, unknown author, ‘Würdelose Frauen’, Völkinger Nachrichten (14.6.1920). Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, file R122421; Hans Alexander, Die schwarze Pest in Deutschland! Protest gegen die Sittlichkeitsverbrechen der schwarzen Franzosen (Leipzig 1921), p. 29; Clara Schapiro, ‘Franzosen am Rhein: Die Auswirkungen der fremden Besatzung auf Wirtschaftsleben und Moral der Bevölkerung’, Bericht der früheren Polizeiassistentin der Stadt Mainz, S. 61. Stadtarchiv Mainz, Nachlaß Schreiber, Box 108-110, No 110. 26 Reiner Pommerin has published the first German study on this subject. See R. Pommerin,
Sterilisierung der Rheinlandbastarde: das Schicksal einer farbigen deutschen Minderheit (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1979).
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